# PT-141 References: The Cited Literature and Label | PT-141

> PT-141 references — the full cited record behind this digest: the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the mechanistic fMRI study, the preclinical pharmacology, the reviews, and the prescribing information.

Every quantitative clinical claim on this site resolves to one of the sources below — primary trials, preclinical pharmacology, reviews, and the US prescribing information.

## About this reference list

The sources below are the published record this digest reads from — peer-reviewed primary studies, secondary reviews, recent primary work, and the US prescribing information for bremelanotide injection. Every quantitative clinical claim in the preceding pages carries a bracketed number that resolves here. The unverified field-reports section on the [PT-141 side effects](/side-effects) page is the single exception: it is community context, deliberately attributed to no source, and nothing in it is counted as evidence. Identifiers (DOI, PMID, NCT, the structured-label URL) are given so each source can be located directly.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al., Dhillo WS. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Semple EA, Harberson MT, Xu B, Rashleigh R, Cho J, et al. (Hill JW). Melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in Sim1 neurons permits sexual receptivity in female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:983670. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37033219/
[7] Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurol Int. 2022;14(1):75-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010006
[8] Pfaus J, Giuliano F, Gelez H. Bremelanotide: An Overview of Preclinical CNS Effects on Female Sexual Function. J Sex Med. 2007;4(Suppl 4):269-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00610.x
[9] Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1137-1144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584134/
[10] Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(3):281-289. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33455598/
[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[12] Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31893927/
[13] Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538638/
[14] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[16] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/

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A gilt-on-midnight reading of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the central-desire mechanism set out in full, the one approved indication weighed against its modest measured effect, and the nausea-led tolerability cost stated first, with the unverified field reports kept to their own silvered margin; no clinic behind the gold and nothing here prescribed, dispensed, or sold.